Madhava NidanaMadhava (in his book Madhava Nidana) enlists five aspects of diagnosis known as Nidana Panchaka or aetiological pentad. They are Purvarupa (prodromal symptoms) Rupa (manifested symptoms) Samprapti (pathogenesis), Upasaya (therapeutic tests) and Ashta vidha Pareeksha (eight kinds of physical examinations).